Who proposed the differential association theory?

Differential association theory is a concept that deals with how individuals learn deviant behavior through their interactions with others. This theory was proposed by Edwin Sutherland, who emphasized that criminal behavior is learned through the social environment rather than being derived from individual predispositions or biological factors. Sutherland believed that people become criminalized through their associations with others who have favorable attitudes toward crime and delinquency.

Sutherland's theory specifically articulates that the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of interactions can impact the likelihood of individuals adopting these deviant behaviors. This learning process occurs within intimate personal groups, highlighting the importance of social contexts in shaping an individual’s attitudes towards crime.

The other theorists mentioned contributed important ideas to the field of criminology but did not originate the differential association theory. Their works address different aspects of crime and deviance, making Sutherland the distinctive figure behind this particular framework.